Figure 26:   1979-2001 global Channel 2 temperature trends in deg. K/decade for RSS Ver. 1.0 and UAH Ver. 5.0 as derived with and without diurnal corrections for Ocean-Only, Land-Only, and Global merge calculations. The corresponding global trend of Prabhakara et. al. (2000) is shown for comparison. From Mears et. al., 2003.

Figure 27:   Monthly average MSU Channel 2 Hot Calibration Target temperature as measured by the two platinum resistance thermocouples (PRTs) monitoring it for each of the individual MSU’s during the satellite era. This represents the temperature of the instrument itself. Variations in this temperature can be used to estimate the magnitude of IBE impacts on MSU2 trends. From Christy et al., 2000.

Figure 28:   Time series of annual global lower troposphere temperature anomalies for 2 UAH MSU2LT products and two tropospheric radiosonde products weighted with a 2LT weighting function. The Angell curve represents the Angell 63 network (Angell, 1988). From Christy et al., 2000.

Figure 29:   Time series of annual global lower troposphere temperature anomalies for 2 UAH MSU2LT products and two tropospheric radiosonde products weighted with a 2LT weighting function. NCEP is a reanalysis product that uses a global circulation model, in situ data, and satellite data other than MSU, but with NOAA sounding profiles (Kalnay, 1996). HadRT data are from the HadRT2.1 product which has been corrected for anomalous temperature discontinuities using MSU data. HadRT2.1 is not, strictly speaking, independent of UAH Ver. D, and NCEP is not entirely independent of radiosonde data. From Christy et. al., 2003.

Figure 30:   Summary of 95 percent confidence interval estimates for calculations of global troposphere temperature statistics for UAH Ver. 5.0 based on UAH analysis of the Minqin radiosonde station in China, UAH selected U.S. radiosonde stations, the NCEP reanalysis product, and HadRT2.1. TLT corresponds to the lower troposphere, TMT the middle troposphere, and TLS the lower stratosphere. From Christy et. al., 2003.

Figure 31:   Trends in global temperature for 1958-1997 for troposphere (top), tropopause (middle), and lower stratosphere (bottom), in four regions, from 5 radiosonde datasets. The confidence intervals shown are typical values of the ±2 sigma uncertainty estimates. Imagining placing the midpoint of these confidence intervals at the value of each trend, and determining if there is overlap, will give a sense of whether there are statistically significant differences within groups of trend estimates. From Seidel et. al., 2003.

Figure 32:   Trends in global temperature for 1970-2001 for the lower troposphere (MSU2LT), middle troposphere (MSU2), and the lower stratosphere (MSU4), in four regions, from 3 MSU datasets and one radiosonde dataset. The confidence intervals shown are typical values of the ±2 sigma uncertainty estimates. Imagining placing the midpoint of these confidence intervals at the value of each trend, and determining if there is overlap, will give a sense of whether there are statistically significant differences within groups of trend estimates. From Seidel et. al., 2003.

Figure 33:   Trends (deg. K/decade) in global temperature for 1958–97 for three atmospheric layers (top) 100–50 hPa (top), 300–100 hPa (middle), and 850–300 hPa (bottom), in four regions, from radiosonde datasets (left side), and for 1979–97 for three layers (top) MSU4, (middle) MSU2, (bottom) MSU2LT, in four regions, from MSU/AMSU and radiosonde datasets. Confidence intervals shown are +/- one Standard Error estimates. HadRT data are for the HadRT2.1 release. From Seidel et al. (2004).

Figure 34:   Temperature trends for 1979–2001 for three vertical layers MSU4 (top), MSU2 (middle), and MSU2LT (bottom), in four regions, from MSU/AMSU and radiosonde datasets. Confidence intervals shown are +/- one Standard Error estimates. HadRT data is for the HadRT2.1 Version. From Seidel et al. (2004).

Figure 35:   Schematic of the Hadley Cell circulation in the Subtropics, and the total heat budget associated with it. The various key processes and heat transports associated with a potential decoupling of the surface and troposphere are shown. The view is zonal (along lines of latitude) with the equatorial direction to the left and the poleward direction to the right. From Trenberth and Stepaniak, 2003b.

Figure 36a:   North Pacific energy flow diagrams showing average annual magnitudes of incoming, outgoing, and poleward transports as described by Trenberth and Stepaniak (2003). The poleward components of this budget (horizontal arrows and energy flows) are thought to be responsible for the decoupling of the troposphere and surface temperature trends in the tropics ans subtropics. Energy flows are derived from Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) data, Southampton Oceanographic Centre (SOC) heat budget atlas data for the marine surface (Josey et al. 1998, 1999), and the Climate Prediction Center (CPC) Merged Analysis of Precipitation (CMAP) precipitation estimates from Xie and Arkin (1997). Sectors shown are for 1408E–1408W for (left) 258–308N and (right) 308–358N, (top) annual and (bottom) DJF for the ERBE period Feb 1985–Apr 1989 in W/m2. From Trenberth and Stepaniak, 2003b.

Figure 36b:   Schematic layout of the energy flows given in Figure 34a and 35 as they are defined in Trenberth and Stepaniak (2003). Energy flows are shown in zones through the TOA (dotted line, subscript ‘‘T’’), surface (scalloped line, subscript ‘‘s’’), and atmosphere (stippled, subscript ‘‘a’’). Arrows or brackets indicate direction of flows. Here R indicates radiation flows with amounts in square boxes and amount deposited in ovals for shortwave (superscript ‘‘sw’’) or longwave (superscript ‘‘lw’’). The large horizontal arrows indicate divergence of energy by the atmosphere for the (left) DSE and (right) LE broken down into transient and quasistationary components. All units are in terms of energy, hence latent heating from evaporation is given here by LEs (to distinguish it from latent energy LE) and precipitation by LP, while the sensible heat is Hs and the net surface flux is Fs. Taken from Trenberth and Stepaniak, 2003b.

Figure 37:   South Pacific energy flow diagrams showing zonal mean annual magnitudes of incoming, outgoing, and poleward transports as described by Trenberth and Stepaniak (2003). The poleward components of this budget (horizontal arrows and energy flows) are thought to be responsible for the decoupling of the troposphere and surface temperature trends in the tropics and subtropics. Energy flows are derived from Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) data, Southampton Oceanographic Centre (SOC) heat budget atlas data for the marine surface (Josey et al. 1998, 1999), and the Climate Prediction Center (CPC) Merged Analysis of Precipitation (CMAP) precipitation estimates from Xie and Arkin (1997). Sectors shown are for (left) 258–308S and (right) 308–358S (top), annual and (bottom) JJA for the ERBE period Feb. 1985–Apr 1989 in W/m2. From Trenberth and Stepaniak, 2003b.